Mother Board with its components

Also named as mb, mainboard, mobo, mobd, backplane board, base board, planar board, or system board.
It is a printed circuit that is the foundation of a computer and allows the CPU, RAM, and all other computer hardware components to function with each other.

ASUS P5AD2-E motherboard

Motherboard components in additional detail.

Expansion slots

is a slot located inside a computer on the motherboard or riser board that allows additional boards to be connected to it.
Back pane connectors

A term used describe the physical location of where another peripheral is connected to the computer. For example, your monitor, mouse, and keyboard all must connect to a computer before they will be able to work.
4-Pin (P4) CPU Power

Abbreviation used to describe an Intel Pentium 4 computer processor.A 12V power supply cable like that shown in the picture

that is used with motherboards that have an Intel Pentium 4 processor. The P4 cable has two black wires that serve as a ground and two yellow wires that are +12VDC.
CPU Socket

1. When referring to a processor, a socket is a connection commonly used for computer processors and other chips. For example, the Socket 370 is an example of such a socket.
2. When referring to a programming language, a socket is a communication used between processes or communication between a client and server. One of the most widely used socket API or library is the Berkley Unix C library.

Northbridge
Sometimes abbreviated as nb, the northbridge is an integrated circuit (generally Intel or VIA) that is responsible for the communications between the CPU interface, AGP, PCI and the memory. The northbridge gets its name for commonly being North of the PCI bus.
Southbridge
An integrated circuit ( generally Intel or VIA ) on the motherboard that is responsible for the hard disk drive controller, I/O controller and integrated hardware such as sound card or video card if present on the motherboard. The Southbridge gets its name for commonly being South of the PCI bus.
Memory slot

A memory slot is what allows computer memory (RAM) chip/stick to be inserted into the computer.Common types of RAM are SDRAM and DDR for desktop computers and SODIMM for laptop computers.
Coin cell battery (CMOS battery)

Also named as a Real-Time Clock (RTC), Non-Volatile RAM (NVRAM) or CMOS RAM, CMOS is short for Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor. CMOS(lithium battery) is an on-board semiconductor chip powered by a CMOS battery inside computers that stores information such as the system time and date and the system hardware settings for your computer.
Serial ATA connections

Short for SerialATA, SATA 1.0 was first released in August 2001 and is a replacement for the Parallel ATA interface used in IBM compatible computers. SerialATA is capable of delivering 1.5Gbps (150MBps) of performance to each drive within a disk array, offers backwards compatibility for existing ATA and ATAPI devices, and offers a thin, small cable solution as seen in the picture to the left.
easier cable routing, better airflow in the computer.SATA also supports external drives through External SATA more commonly known as eSATA.
ATX Power Supply connector

Replacement for the older P8 / P9 AT style connector, this connector connects the computer power supply to an ATX style motherboard.this 20-pin multi-color cable often labeled as P1 connects to a 20-pin connector on the motherboard. Note, with the introduction of ATX-2, this cable is now a 24-pin cable and no longer a 20-pin cable.
ATA (IDE) disk drive connection

Short for Integrated Drive Electronics or IBM Disc Electronics, IDE is more commonly known as ATA or Parallel ATA (PATA) and is a standard interface for IBM compatible hard drives. IDE is different from the Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) and Enhanced Small Device Interface (ESDI) because its controllers are on each drive.

As computers advanced, so have motherboards. Below is a listing of the various motherboard form factors

AT
ATX
Baby AT
BTX
LPX
Full AT
Full ATX
microATX
NLX